Skip to main content Skip to footer

References

1.

Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, et al. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(2):138-149.

3.

Bernabe E, Marcenes W, Hernandez CR, et al. Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. J Dent Res. 2020;99(4):362-373.

4.

Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. World Health Organization. 2022.
http://www.who.int/team/noncommunicable-diseases/global-status-report-on-oral-health-2022.
Accessed 03/11/23.

5.

Forbes G, Rutherford S, Stirling D, Young L, Clarkson J. Current practice and factors influencing the provision of periodontal healthcare in primary dental care in Scotland: an explorative study. Br Dent J. 2015;218(7):387-391.

6.

West N, Chapple I, Claydon N, et al. BSP implementation of European S3 - level evidence-based treatment guidelines for stage I-III periodontitis in UK clinical practice. J Dent. 2021;106:103562.

7.

Delivering Better Oral Health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention. Department of Health & Social Care, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, NHS England, NHS Improvement; 2021.
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention.
Accessed 03/11/23.

8.

Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S1-S8.

9.

Herrera D, Sanz M, Kebschull M, et al. Treatment of stage IV periodontitis: The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49 Suppl 24:4-71.

10.

Herrera D, Berglundh T, Schwarz F, et al. Prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases-The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50 Suppl 26:4-76.

11.

World Dental Federation. ISO 3950:2016: Dentistry — Designation system for teeth and areas of the oral cavity. International Organization for Standardization (ISO); 2016.

12.

NHS Wales Decarbonisation Strategic Delivery Plan  2021-2030. NHS Wales; 2021.
www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-03/nhs-wales-decarbonisation-strategic-delivery-plan-2021-2030-summary.pdf.
Accessed 29/11/2023.

13.

NHS Scotland climate emergency and sustainability strategy: 2022-2026. 2022.
https://www.gov.scot/publications/nhs-scotland-climate-emergency-sustainability-strategy-2022-2026/documents/
Accessed 29/11/2023, 2023.

14.

Greener NHS. 2023.
www.england.nhs.uk/greenernhs/ 
Accessed 29/11/2023.

15.

Practice Support Manual. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme; 2023.
www.psm.sdcep.org.uk
Accessed 03/11/23.

16.

Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, Lopez R. Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6):831-841.

17.

Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S149-S161.

18.

Yang I, Sandeep S, Rodriguez J. The oral health impact of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(2):97-127.

19.

Hartmann-Boyce J, Lindson N, Butler AR, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;11(11):CD010216.

20.

Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Vestergaard P, Scheutz F, Lopez R. Does diabetes increase the risk of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of longitudinal prospective studies. Acta Diabetol. 2018;55(7):653-667.

21.

Simpson TC, Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, et al. Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;4(4):CD004714.

22.

NICE Guideline [NG17] Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
Accessed 03/11/23.

23.

NICE Guideline [NG28] Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
Accessed 03/11/23.

24.

Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 2004;38(3):204-211.

25.

Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:12-55.

26.

Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE). British Society of Periodontology; 2019.
www.bsperio.org.uk/assets/downloads/BSP_BPE_Guidelines_2019.pdf
Accessed 03/11/23.

27.

Guidelines for periodontal screening and management of children and adolescents under 18 years of age. British Society of  Periodontology and Implant Dentistry and British Society of Paediatric Dentistry; 2021
www.bsperio.org.uk/assets/downloads/Updated_BSP_BSPD_Perio_Guidelines_for_the_Under_18s_2021_FINAL_270921_vc_PDF_version.pdf.
Accessed 03/11/23.

28.

Hamp SE, Nyman S, Lindhe J. Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years. J Clin Periodontol. 1975;2(3):126-135.

29.

Miller SC. Textbook of Periodontia. 3rd ed. Philidelphia: Blakiston; 1950.

30.

Selection Criteria for Dental Radiography. Third ed: Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK); 2018.

31.

Lang NP, Suvan JE, Tonetti MS. Risk factor assessment tools for the prevention of periodontitis progression a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S59-70.

32.

Asimakopoulou K, Nolan M, McCarthy C, Newton JT. The effect of risk communication on periodontal treatment outcomes: A randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol. 2019;90(9):948-956.

33.

Carra MC, Detzen L, Kitzmann J, Woelber JP, Ramseier CA, Bouchard P. Promoting behavioural changes to improve oral hygiene in patients with periodontal diseases: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:72-89.

34.

Holliday R, Hong B, McColl E, Livingstone-Banks J, Preshaw PM. Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2(2):CD005084.

35.

Jarvinen M, Stolt M, Honkala E, Leino-Kilpi H, Pollanen M. Behavioural interventions that have the potential to improve self-care in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018;76(8):612-620.

36.

Ramseier CA, Woelber JP, Kitzmann J, Detzen L, Carra MC, Bouchard P. Impact of risk factor control interventions for smoking cessation and promotion of healthy lifestyles in patients with periodontitis: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:90-106.

37.

Dietrich T, Ower P, Tank M, et al. Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions - implementation in clinical practice. Br Dent J. 2019;226(1):16-22.

38.

Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S68-S77.

39.

Herrera D, Retamal-Valdes B, Alonso B, Feres M. Acute periodontal lesions (periodontal abscesses and necrotizing periodontal diseases) and endo-periodontal lesions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S78-S94.

40.

Albandar JM, Susin C, Hughes FJ. Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S171-S189.

41.

Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S173-S182.

42.

Suvan J, Leira Y, Moreno Sancho FM, Graziani F, Derks J, Tomasi C. Subgingival instrumentation for treatment of periodontitis. A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:155-175.

43.

Loggner Graff I, Asklow B, Thorstensson H. Full-mouth versus quadrant-wise scaling--clinical outcome, efficiency and treatment discomfort. Swed Dent J. 2009;33(3):105-113.

44.

Sinha DN, Suliankatchi RA, Gupta PC, et al. Global burden of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to smokeless tobacco use: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control. 2018;27(1):35-42.

45.

McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018. A report commissioned by Public Health England. 2018
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf
Accessed 03/11/23.

46.

NICE Guideline [NG209] Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2021
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng209
Accessed 03/11/23.

47.

E-cigarettes consensus statement. Public Health Scotland; 2017
www.healthscotland.scot/publications/e-cigarettes-consensus-statement
Accessed 03/11/23.

48.

Papadakis S, McEwen A. Very Brief Advice on Smoking for Dental Patients. National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training; 2018
https://www.ncsct.co.uk/publications/dental_vba
Accessed 03/11/23.

49.

Siddiqi A, Zafar S, Sharma A, Quaranta A. Diabetic patients' knowledge of the bidirectional link: are dental health care professionals effectively conveying the message? Aust Dent J. 2019;64(4):312-326.

50.

UK Chief Medical Officers' Physical Activity Guidelines. Department of Health and Social Care, Llwodraeth Cymru Welsh Government, Department of Health Northern Ireland and the Scottish Government; 2019 
https://www.gov.wales/uk-chief-medical-officers-physical-activity-guidelines
Accessed 03/11/23.

51.

The Eatwell Guide. Public Health England; 2016
www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-eatwell-guide
Accessed 03/11/23.

52.

Amaral Cda S, Vettore MV, Leao A. The relationship of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent. 2009;37(9):643-651.

53.

Pulikkotil SJ, Nath S, Muthukumaraswamy, Dharamarajan L, Jing KT, Vaithilingam RD. Alcohol consumption is associated with periodontitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Community Dent Health. 2020;37(1):12-21.

54.

Alvarez-Bueno C, Rodriguez-Martin B, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Effectiveness of brief interventions in primary health care settings to decrease alcohol consumption by adult non-dependent drinkers: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Prev Med. 2015;76 Suppl:S33-38.

55.

Alcohol and oral health: Understanding risk, raising awareness and giving advice. Public Health Scotland; 2012
www.healthscotland.com/documents/6124.aspx
Accessed 03/11/23.

56.

Van der Weijden FA, Slot DE. Efficacy of homecare regimens for mechanical plaque removal in managing gingivitis a meta review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S77-91.

57.

Lamont T, Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Beirne PV. Routine scale and polish for periodontal health in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;12(12):CD004625.

58.

Needleman I, Nibali L, Di Iorio A. Professional mechanical plaque removal for prevention of periodontal diseases in adults--systematic review update. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S12-35.

59.

Huang J, Yao Y, Jiang J, Li C. Effects of motivational methods on oral hygiene of orthodontic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(47):e13182.

60.

Clark-Perry D, Levin L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing oscillating-rotating and other powered toothbrushes. J Am Dent Assoc. 2020;151(4):265-275 e266.

61.

Elkerbout TA, Slot DE, Rosema NAM, Van der Weijden GA. How effective is a powered toothbrush as compared to a manual toothbrush? A systematic review and meta-analysis of single brushing exercises. Int J Dent Hyg. 2020;18(1):17-26.

62.

Grender J, Adam R, Zou Y. The effects of oscillating-rotating electric toothbrushes on plaque and gingival health: A meta-analysis. Am J Dent. 2020;33(1):3-11.

63.

Wang P, Xu Y, Zhang J, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness between power toothbrushes and manual toothbrushes for oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Odontol Scand. 2020;78(4):265-274.

64.

Ranzan N, Muniz F, Rosing CK. Are bristle stiffness and bristle end-shape related to adverse effects on soft tissues during toothbrushing? A systematic review. Int Dent J. 2019;69(3):171-182.

65.

Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Poklepovic Pericic T, et al. Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD012018.

66.

Mazhari F, Boskabady M, Moeintaghavi A, Habibi A. The effect of toothbrushing and flossing sequence on interdental plaque reduction and fluoride retention: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2018;89(7):824-832.

67.

Slot DE, Dorfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The efficacy of interdental brushes on plaque and parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):253-264.

68.

Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VC, Jeroncic A. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3(3):CD007868.

69.

Newton JT, Asimakopoulou K. Managing oral hygiene as a risk factor for periodontal disease: a systematic review of psychological approaches to behaviour change for improved plaque control in periodontal management. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S36-46.

70.

Clarkson JE, Young L, Ramsay CR, Bonner BC, Bonetti D. How to influence patient oral hygiene behavior effectively. J Dent Res. 2009;88(10):933-937.

71.

Martins O, Costa A, Silva D. The efficacy of air polishing devices in supportive periodontal therapy: Clinical, microbiological and patient-centred outcomes. A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2023;21(1):41-58.

72.

Tan SL, Grewal GK, Mohamed Nazari NS, Mohd-Dom TN, Baharuddin NA. Efficacy of air polishing in comparison with hand instruments and/or power-driven instruments in supportive periodontal therapy and implant maintenance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):85.

73.

Johnston W, Paterson M, Piela K, et al. The systemic inflammatory response following hand instrumentation versus ultrasonic instrumentation-A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(9):1087-1097.

74.

Tunkel J, Heinecke A, Flemmig TF. A systematic review of efficacy of machine-driven and manual subgingival debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29 Suppl 3:72-81.

75.

Lea SC, Landini G, Walmsley AD. The effect of wear on ultrasonic scaler tip displacement amplitude. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(1):37-41.

76.

van Steenberghe D, Bercy P, De Boever J, et al. Patient evaluation of a novel non-injectable anesthetic gel: a multicenter crossover study comparing the gel to infiltration anesthesia during scaling and root planing. J Periodontol. 2004;75(11):1471-1478.

77.

Herrera D, Matesanz P, Martin C, Oud V, Feres M, Teughels W. Adjunctive effect of locally delivered antimicrobials in periodontitis therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:239-256.

78.

Teughels W, Feres M, Oud V, Martin C, Matesanz P, Herrera D. Adjunctive effect of systemic antimicrobials in periodontitis therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:257-281.

79.

Donos N, Calciolari E, Brusselaers N, Goldoni M, Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. The adjunctive use of host modulators in non-surgical periodontal therapy. A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:199-238.

80.

Preshaw PM. Host modulation therapy with anti-inflammatory agents. Periodontol 2000. 2018;76(1):131-149.

81.

von Troil B, Needleman I, Sanz M. A systematic review of the prevalence of root sensitivity following periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29 Suppl 3:173-177.

82.

Hu ML, Zheng G, Lin H, Yang M, Zhang YD, Han JM. Network meta-analysis on the effect of desensitizing toothpastes on dentine hypersensitivity. J Dent. 2019;88:103170.

83.

Marto CM, Baptista Paula A, Nunes T, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of dentin hypersensitivity treatments-A systematic review and follow-up analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(10):952-990.

84.

West NX, Seong J, Davies M. Management of dentine hypersensitivity: efficacy of professionally and self-administered agents. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S256-302.

85.

Zhu M, Li J, Chen B, et al. The Effect of Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate on Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0140176.

86.

Bellal S, Feghali RE, Mehta A, Namachivayam A, Benedicenti S. Efficacy of near infrared dental lasers on dentinal hypersensitivity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Lasers Med Sci. 2022;37(2):733-744.

87.

Mahdian M, Behboodi S, Ogata Y, Natto ZS. Laser therapy for dentinal hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):CD009434.

88.

West R. MS, Atkins L., Chadwick P., Lorencatto, F. Achieving Behaviour Change. A guide for local government and partners. Public Health England; 2019
www.gov.uk/government/publications/behaviour-change-guide-for-local-government-and-partners
Accessed 03/11/23.

89.

Michie S, Atkins, L., West, R. The Behaviour Change Wheel: A Guide to Designing Interventions. Great Britain: Silverback Publishing.; 2014.

90.

Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, et al. Principles in prevention of periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 1 of the 11th European Workshop on Periodontology on effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S5-11.

91.

Huynh-Ba G, Kuonen P, Hofer D, Schmid J, Lang NP, Salvi GE. The effect of periodontal therapy on the survival rate and incidence of complications of multirooted teeth with furcation involvement after an observation period of at least 5 years: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(2):164-176.

92.

Dommisch H, Walter C, Dannewitz B, Eickholz P. Resective surgery for the treatment of furcation involvement: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:375-391.

93.

Nibali L, Zavattini A, Nagata K, et al. Tooth loss in molars with and without furcation involvement - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2016;43(2):156-166.

94.

Holmstrup P, Plemons J, Meyle J. Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S28-S43.

95.

Drug Prescribing for Dentistry. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme; 2016
www.sdcep.org.uk/published-guidance/drug-prescribing/
Accessed 03/11/23.

96.

Liu W, Cao Y, Dong L, et al. Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD009197.

97.

Luo Y, Ye H, Liu W, et al. Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD009409.

98.

Calderaro DC, Correa JD, Ferreira GA, et al. Influence of periodontal treatment on rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2017;57(3):238-244.

99.

Deschamps-Lenhardt S, Martin-Cabezas R, Hannedouche T, Huck O. Association between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2019;25(2):385-402.

100.

Zhang X, Gu H, Xie S, Su Y. Periodontitis in patients with psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2022;28(1):33-43.

101.

Hu X, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Liu Z. Periodontal disease and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychogeriatrics. 2021;21(5):813-825.

102.

Kaliamoorthy S, Nagarajan M, Sethuraman V, Jayavel K, Lakshmanan V, Palla S. Association of Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis - a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from observational studies. Med Pharm Rep. 2022;95(2):144-151.

103.

Sanz M, Kornman K, Working Group 3 of Joint EFP/AAP Workshop. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;84 (45 Suppl 14):S164-169.

104.

Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD005297.

105.

Orlandi M, Munoz Aguilera E, Marletta D, Petrie A, Suvan J, D'Aiuto F. Impact of the treatment of periodontitis on systemic health and quality of life: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49 Suppl 24:314-327.

106.

Leow NM, Moreno F, Marletta D, et al. Recurrence and progression of periodontitis and methods of management in long-term care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49 Suppl 24:291-313.

107.

Trombelli L, Farina R, Pollard A, et al. Efficacy of alternative or additional methods to professional mechanical plaque removal during supportive periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47 Suppl 22:144-154.

108.

Trombelli L, Franceschetti G, Farina R. Effect of professional mechanical plaque removal performed on a long-term, routine basis in the secondary prevention of periodontitis: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S221-236.

109.

Trombelli L, Simonelli A, Franceschetti G, Maietti E, Farina R. What periodontal recall interval is supported by evidence? Periodontol 2000. 2020;84(1):124-133.

110.

Diaz P, Gonzalo E, Villagra LJG, Miegimolle B, Suarez MJ. What is the prevalence of peri-implantitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):449.

111.

Carra MC, Range H, Swerts PJ, Tuand K, Vandamme K, Bouchard P. Effectiveness of implant-supported fixed partial denture in patients with history of periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49 Suppl 24:208-223.

112.

Dreyer H, Grischke J, Tiede C, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of peri-implantitis: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2018;53(5):657-681.

113.

Lin CY, Chen Z, Pan WL, Wang HL. Is History of Periodontal Disease Still a Negative Risk Indicator for Peri-implant Health Under Supportive Post-implant Treatment Coverage? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020;35(1):52-62.

114.

Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S246-S266.

115.

Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S313-S318.

116.

Stacchi C, Berton F, Perinetti G, et al. Risk Factors for Peri-Implantitis: Effect of History of Periodontal Disease and Smoking Habits. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(3):e3.

117.

Atieh MA, AlAli F, Alsabeeha NHM. Outcome of supportive peri-implant therapy on the rates of peri-implant diseases and marginal bone loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quintessence Int. 2021;52(2):122-131.

118.

Lin CY, Chen Z, Pan WL, Wang HL. The effect of supportive care in preventing peri-implant diseases and implant loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2019;30(8):714-724.

119.

Roccuzzo M, Layton DM, Roccuzzo A, Heitz-Mayfield LJ. Clinical outcomes of peri-implantitis treatment and supportive care: A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29 Suppl 16:331-350.

120.

Darbar U, Shahdad S, Ashley M, Barclay S, Alani A, Patel D. Guidance on the standards of care for NHS-funded dental implant treatment. The Royal College of Surgeons of England; 2019
www.rcseng.ac.uk/dental-faculties/fds/publications-guidelines/clinical-guidelines/
Accessed 03/11/23.

121.

Jemt T, Johansson J. Implant treatment in the edentulous maxillae: a 15-year follow-up study on 76 consecutive patients provided with fixed prostheses. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2006;8(2):61-69.

122.

van Velzen FJ, Lang NP, Schulten EA, Ten Bruggenkate CM. Dental floss as a possible risk for the development of peri-implant disease: an observational study of 10 cases. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27(5):618-621.

123.

Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Salvi GE. Peri-implant mucositis. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S237-S245.

124.

Renvert S, Hirooka H, Polyzois I, Kelekis-Cholakis A, Wang HL, Working G. Diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of peri-implant diseases and maintenance care of patients with dental implants - Consensus report of working group 3. Int Dent J. 2019;69(Suppl 2):12-17.

125.

Chuachamsai S, Acharya A, Fischer K, Nibali L, Ho D, Pelekos G. The effectiveness of adjunctive measures in managing peri-implant mucositis: an umbrella review. Int J Implant Dent. 2022;8(1):26.

126.

Gennai S, Bollain J, Ambrosio N, Marruganti C, Graziani F, Figuero E. Efficacy of adjunctive measures in peri-implant mucositis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50 Suppl 26:161-187.

127.

Mills MP, Rosen PS, Chambrone L, et al. American Academy of Periodontology best evidence consensus statement on the efficacy of laser therapy used alone or as an adjunct to non-surgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis and peri-implant diseases. J Periodontol. 2018;89(7):737-742.

128.

Ramanauskaite A, Fretwurst T, Schwarz F. Efficacy of alternative or adjunctive measures to conventional non-surgical and surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Implant Dent. 2021;7(1):112.

129.

Dos Santos Martins BG, Fernandes JCH, Martins AG, de Moraes Castilho R, de Oliveira Fernandes GV. Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment Protocols for Peri-implantitis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2022;37(4):660-676.

130.

Grusovin MG, Pispero A, Del Fabbro M, et al. Antibiotics as Adjunctive Therapy in the Non-Surgical Treatment of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(12):1766.

131.

Joshi AA, Gaikwad AM, Padhye AM, Nadgere JB. Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Investigating the Efficacy of Different Nonsurgical Therapies for the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2022;37(1):e13-e27.

132.

Toledano M, Osorio MT, Vallecillo-Rivas M, et al. Efficacy of local antibiotic therapy in the treatment of peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2021;113:103790.

133.

Toledano-Osorio M, Vallecillo C, Toledano R, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Systemic Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11).

134.

BSP Guidelines for Periodontal Patient Referral. British Society of Periodontology; 2020
www.bsperio.org.uk/professionals/publications
Accessed 03/11/23.

135.

Oral Health Assessment and Review. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme; 2011
www.sdcep.org.uk/published-guidance/oral-health-assessment/
Accessed 03/11/23.

136.

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.

137.

Management of Acute Dental Problems. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme; 2013
https://www.sdcep.org.uk/published-guidance/acute-dental-problems/
Accessed 03/11/23.